The raise of Taxes at the United States

Conceptual This article will take a gander at the impact of an adjustment in charge rate in an economy. In light of the ebb and flow monetary and budgetary emergency associations with be set up on tax assessment with work motivating forces, work efficiency, venture choices, spending plan and the rich in order to make educated opinion.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on The raise of Taxes at the United States explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More When an economy is confronting an emergency, it alters its expense framework as strategy to redress the shortage in the economy. For example, United States has been not really hit by the monetary emergency and is considering on expanding charges for the rich. The adjustment in tax assessment has both positive and negative impacts. Presentation The current monetary and budgetary emergency has unfavorably influenced all the nations on the planet. Those that have been hard hit by the emergency incorpor ate the United States of America and European nations. Different nations, particularly creating nations are experiencing the overflow impacts. In United States, the impacts of this emergency have been obvious in different divisions of the economy. The nation has been hit by high paces of work with almost ten million individuals enlisting for the joblessness benefits. The quantity of individuals enrolling in quest for new employment habitats has expanded, with new alumni taking the most elevated rate. The economy has neglected to make new openings, with occupations lay off mounting constantly. Most enterprises are spilling their workforce since they can't sufficiently address their issues, for example, paying pay rates and different advantages. The circumstance has rendered a high percent of the people jobless, with the greater part of them experiencing issues in taking care of their tabs. The individuals who can't meet their bills have depended on pegging in avenues so in any event to get something to support them. The enduring of most Americans has not gone unnoticed, with the President Barack Obama continually giving a record of government progress on how the emergency is being taken care of. The latest declaration by the President is an expansion in the pace of expense for the rich. The duty raise among the rich will prompt an expansion in national income that would then be able to be utilized to make occupations at national levels. This move has inspired discussion, with some supporting while others assault the move as improper. It resembles taking from the individuals who are rich and disseminating it to the individuals who are poor. Regardless of raising duties for the rich, charges for remote individuals ought to be brought down. Conversation Taxation is a financial approach device that administration can use so as to have a reasonable monetary spending plan. The administration to achieve certain goals like full business, value dependability and monetar y development regularly utilizes financial approach. Other approach apparatuses that can be utilized incorporate printing of cash, sell of fixed resources, inside or outside getting just as utilization of financial reserves.Advertising Looking for research paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a legislature is confronting colossal shortfalls, charge income can be raised by expanding the assessment rates. Tax collection is an instrument that can be utilized to safeguard an economy confronting troublesome occasions. Appropriate plan of an assessment strategy can be a panacea to the predominant monetary difficult situations, for example, joblessness. Joined State has tried to follow Germany’s approach to protect its financial from unfriendly impacts of its present obligation position. Financial analyst declares that the main manner by which an economy can turn around an emergency is u tilizing an expansionary monetary arrangement. This will comprehend the issue of monetary spending awkwardness, joblessness and ‘crowding out’ impact. Then again, high charges will glance out privately owned businesses from putting resources into the nation due to the expense of creation which will means higher item costs. It will be difficult for organizations to complete business in nations with high duty rates. This is on the grounds that it will render most foundations less serious in the worldwide market. To support outside venture charge rates ought to be diminished for them and in some cases combined with assessment asylums, remittances and sponsorships, this will urge them to take up their new interest in the economy (Kivel, 2002). Tax collection and work motivators When there is an expansion in the pace of personal assessment, the impact will be that the post-charge salary of people will decrease. This is on the grounds that the net gain coming about because of every hour of work will be lower. The move may urge laborers to build their number of working hours to meet their objective pay. Then again, an expansion in assessment may be utilized as a disincentive to advance less work. The administration typically sets a lower personal expense rate for low-pay representatives. This will go about as a motivating force for laborers to carry out their responsibility for extended periods and win more cash. Low expenses on low-pay workers fill in as a device of lessening ‘poverty trap’ dangers where people will get high net monetary advantages from their work. At the point when expense changes are positive, it prompts an expansion in gracefully of work therefore a decrease in joblessness balance rate consequently, the development rate will increment. Tax assessment and the example of interest Demand designs for products and enterprises shift as backhanded duties are changed. At the point when worth included charges (VAT) on products, f or example, liquor and cigarettes increment, it is planned for causing a low utilization among shoppers or a replacement impact. The outcome will be a low interest for such products. Backhanded tax assessment can be pertinent where there is an absolute market disappointment, just as when the administration needs to guarantee fair dispersion of assets, for example, wellbeing care.Advertising We will compose a custom examination paper test on The raise of Taxes at the United States explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taxation and venture choices When the paces of business charges and corporate duty are low, this can invigorate a business to expand its spending in fixed capital speculation. An expansion in venture will imply that the capital load of a country has expanded subsequently an increment in capital supply of each laborer utilized (Mankiw, 2011). Government can utilize motivating forces, for example, charge stipends to support innovative work and in empoweri ng new business improvements. An assessment system that is ideal will draw in expanded inflow of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). This will be an improvement that will profit an economy’s total gracefully and total interest. Low paces of partnership duty will draw in immense measures of private speculation. Duty changes go about as an upgrade of interest in capital resources, social foundation, and work power aptitudes just as in innovation. A decent assessment framework will guarantee an improvement in foundation, which is basic for monetary development through expanded creation and seriousness. Government spending can be terms of improvement of instruction framework that is aptitudes arranged and innovation centered. This will guarantee a consistent long haul gracefully of HR (Dye, 2011). Company’s chance demeanor and corporate annual assessment are the fundamental factors that are considered by an association before settling on a venture choices, this is on the grou nds that this variables can influence the pace of quantifiable profit. Measure of corporate duty to be paid is a significant factor that is mulled over before settling on a budgetary speculation choice. This is on the grounds that low duties will mean lower costs for merchandise and higher income produced. The Rich Should Pay More For equivalent penance and reasonableness among residents, those people who profited by positive monetary occasions, for example, blast, salvage bundles among others should think that its important to bear the costs that emerge from an emergency. There eagerness will spare the economy from enduring the most exceedingly awful impacts of an emergency that a period may overflow to deplete assets of the rich. This contention takes a gander at expanding government income through an expansion in pay just as an increment in capital additions charge. This was represented by Germany’s case after the World War II where enactment was passed which ordered budge tary remuneration to accumulate for loses that emerges during the war. This lead to a making of expense on property and capital, this law was material to people who despite everything have significant resources after the war. The law expected them to pay half of their benefit worth to a pay support over a time of thirty years. In the event of United States, an expansion in charge gets no opportunity at any point in the near future. The explanation being the necessary spending union ought to happen on the consumption part. This will infer a decrease in government use and this will effectsly affect the economy. Then again, an expansion in personal assessment excessively affects higher workers. The effect of high duty on the rich is insignificant in light of the fact that huge extents of their pay go to reserve funds while negligible sums are spent (Blinder Baumol, 2011).Advertising Searching for research paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More US can't embrace spending cuts since it will unfavorably influence their development. This is on the grounds that the economy is spending less on framework, instruction and social exchanges. For different nations that are confronting comparative emergency, an expansion in government income will serve the nation better. Along these lines, if Americans won't contribute more to their economy through duty, they will experience the ill effects of an average economy. End Taxation as an expansionary financial approach is appropriate when an economy is confronting troublesome monetary occasions, where the administration spending surpasses its income altogether. The current budgetary and financial emergency has prompted increment of expense rates to produce more income. Th

Origin of Science and the Crusade

In any case, when we take a gander at the historical backdrop of the world Egyptian, Greeks, Roman, Persian, Mongolia, Saracen, British, Dutch, Portuguese, Chinese, Indian and any others had been the super force in various times of the history. However when we talk anyone about a logical Inventions and disclosures or significant jump In the logical advancement generally tent to point their fingers towards the Europe in the event that It Is before eighteenth century and towards the USA in the event that it is following 1 ninth century. This kind of conduct is where it counts in our brains. In any case, is this correct?If all in all, why the non-European countries were super force? For this I think we need to take a Journey throughout the entire existence of Science from the early Egyptians. In this short article I might want to take a trip session the inceptions of science, where there the history had been covered with numerous control and confusion. As indicated by numerous individua ls on the planet the science was started by Greeks and was created by the post renaissance Europe. As a similar time all the extraordinary societies like Persian, Egyptian, Chinese and Indian did not understand in regards to the science.But when we take a gander at the historical backdrop of these civic establishments we can see how evolved they were in the history. Egyptians were one of the early races before Greeks who were created in the Science. They were knowledgeable In life structures (for craftsmanship), stargazing and crystal gazing, which ere indivisibly connected in antiquated Egypt, science and veterinary medication, science, topography, geography, history, law, geometry, medication, mineralogy, pedagogy(education), reasoning, material science, human science and philosophy [1]. Water system plan of Nile, tall standing pyramids and the mummies are some case of logical accomplishment of the Egyptians.Geometry was applied in the Egypt for charge purposes before the purporte d Euclid of Greece composed the book of The Elements. Here comes another control of History again as Euclid. Numerous course books allude Euclid was a white male in the end from Greece and ivied in Alexandria around three century B. C. Be that as it may, no such individual was alive on this mother earth. The writer of this book is a dark lady from Alexandria who lived around fifth century C. E. [2] From these contentions we can guarantee that the Greek were not the first to start the Science.Now we should think about the advancement of Science. In the event that we think about the controlled rendition of the science history, we get a wide clear range of time from the Greek human advancement to the renaissance Europe. Where were the content and the wellsprings of these logical hypotheses and formulae? Is it true that they were 2 Origin of Science and the campaigns I Mohamed Gammy Shifter_209110164 covered in the Mount Olympus? No. They were made an interpretation of arrested by anoth er progress which have added to the a considerable lot of the logical turn of events and not credited to it.Yes it was taken into the care by Islamic Civilization. They hold these writings of Greek until the campaigns [2]. The west cases that the Muslim just deciphered crafted by Greek and saved it. They never developed the thoughts in the content. This contention is ludicrous. The Muslims essentially managed from the shore Atlantic Ocean to the visitors of China. What's more, they Just protected these writings which cost a fortune with the papyrus innovation. Numerous books from Baghdad Library were wrecked by the attack of Mongols over Jeremiah on thirteenth century C. E.But the commitments of All Bin Sins (Vicuã ±a) †whose â€Å"The Book of Healing† was course book for medication in numerous medieval universities[3], Legalize Bin al Haitian, Jabber container Hays, AAA Affair, Muhammad canister Carrying al Razz, Bin al-Naifs were inescapable in the logical history. Al l container Shall Arabian al-Tabor was an Islamic researcher, doctor and clinician of Zoroastrian drop, who created one of the primary reference books of medication. Indeed, even the number framework we utilized today was presented frameworks Let's have brief a look on different human advancements which added to the science.Like the peak on the peacocks head, similar to the pearl in the cobra's hood, so stands arithmetic Oat the leader of the considerable number of sciences. Vided writing of Indian Culture is packed with ideas of zero, the strategies of variable based math and calculation, square root and 3D square root. Apparently, the starting points of Calculus lie in India 300 years before Leibniz and Newton. Arithmetical hypotheses was created by Rapacity who lived in fifth century C. E. ND another mathematician Backbencher's was the first to was the first to consider differential analytics in twelfth century. The greater part of us know about Roman numerals.Think you are sitti ng in a class doing Calculus utilizing Roman numerals. You will compose 1788 in Roman numerals it will be ANTICLIMACTIC. You even can't consider doing analytics by utilizing this number framework. From this we can presume that math was not created or utilized in early Europe. Old Indian's advancement in science was additionally in a more elevated level and utilized in an assortment of useful exercises. In any early development, metallurgy has stayed a movement integral to all human advancements from the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, to every single other progress that followed Indian accomplished the more significant level of metallurgy.By the side of Stub Minor in New Delhi, there is an iron column raised during Array Guppy period around 500 AD. This column is 7. 32 meters tall, and has an outline of 40 CM in the base and 30 CM at the top. It has been remaining in the open for most recent 1500 years, withstanding the breeze, warmth and climate, yet at the same time has not rusted, a side from minor common disintegration. This sort of rust evidence iron (steel) was found not many decades fore by blending carbon in with iron [4]. 3 furthermore, the Chinese Dynasty in the Far East was creating black powder, paper and building up printing presses.Moreover, the Calendar framework was presented by Amman development that is celebrated for foreseeing end times of the earth. From the above contentions, one can infer that science was not just started from Greece and it began generally. At that point how did the story â€Å"Science was started in Greece† became possibly the most important factor? In addition, where was it begun? These inquiries can be replied in two straightforward words â€Å"Church† and â€Å"Power†. From the time hen the state and the congregation blend, Church started the program of twisting history to advance its power.This innovation of misrepresentation was presently applied to â€Å"manage† normal perceptions[5]. During the campaigns, church caught numerous content and tent to utilize them. Be that as it may, philosophical angles would not permit them to utilize a Muslim information. Hence, they controlled their kin by saying that the information Arab had was had a place with Greeks. Middle Easterners Just saved it. This story empowered the colleges in Europe to utilize interpreted Arabic books without negating their religious philosophy. Yet, on the Arabs side, it was an alternate story.They fabricated Batty al Hickman (House of Wisdom) in Baghdad; they accumulated information from everywhere throughout the world, including India, Persia and China. They unquestionably didn't limit themselves to Greek Arabs just had sources to Greeks. So all the information which was gained from Batty al Hickman in Baghdad turned into the Greeks, So did all the logical developments and revelations. This hypothesis is being advanced by numerous researchers of the present as well. Here is a model from Lost in the Co smos by Walker Percy â€Å". .As Whitehead called attention to, it is no happenstance that science sprang, not from Ionian power, not from theBrahmins-Buddhist-Taoist East, not from the Exceptionally visionary South, yet from the core of the Christian West, that in spite of the fact that Galileo dropped out with the Church, he would barely experience taken so much difficulty contemplating Jupiter and dropping articles from towers if the truth and worth and request of things had not first been presented by faith in the Incarnation. † [6]. So anybody from any nation has the option to state that their predecessors were additionally one of the pioneers of the science. It is time face the â€Å"West just hypothesis'. The Europeans colonized our nations as well as our training system.They left our nations quite a while in the past. Presently the time has come to decolonize our training framework. What's more, the manner in which we think. 4 References [1]Dunn. Old Egyptian Science recovered from http://www. Torturers. Net/featureless/sciences . HTML [2] Raja, C. K. Euclid and Jesus. Multiversity. [3] http://www. Zeal. Organization/[4] Science, Medicine, Technology in Ancient India recovered from http://www. Crystalline. Com/obscenities. HTML [5] Raja, C. K. Is science western in birthplace?. Multiversity. [6] Percy, W. Lost in the Cosmos recovered from http://www. Columbia. Deed/signal/Augustine/a/science_origin. HTML 5

Universities financial prospects should we be worried

Universities’ financial prospects should we be worried Universities’ financial prospects: should we be worried? It’s a tough time to be a university vice-chancellor. Or at least, so says a new report by Shift Learning, commissioned by the Guardian newspaper. The report describes uniquely challenging times ahead for the UK Higher Education sector, and finds that almost two-thirds of VCs are more pessimistic about the financial prospects of their institution than a year ago, with only 22% feeling more optimistic. Some VCs feel at sea in a whirl of demographic and policy changes, with a number describing their institutions as close to the edge. Some even feel their institution is a single policy change away from collapse. A perfect storm Why all the doom and gloom? It’s not any one thing that’s causing the VCs of British universities to feel so pessimistic about their short-term future. Worries voiced by numerous respondents included the following: The possible impact of Brexit on several key areas, including;â€" Access to prestigious international research projects and the funding these projects bringâ€" International student recruitment and retention in the medium- to long-termâ€" Recruitment of high-calibre research staff from the EU and beyond The impact of new evaluation instruments, including the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) and Knowledge Exchange Framework (KEF), on the university’s standing and funding. The present demographic dip in domestic 18-year-olds, at a time when student number caps have been removed and universities everywhere are clamouring to increase their intakes. While each of these challenges will affect all universities, some universities will find themselves much more vulnerable to the fallout than others. And institutions outside of the elite Russell Group are likely to face the greatest challenges, in particular with regard to recruiting domestic students. As we reported recently, there are simply fewer eighteen-year-olds in the UK than there have been in the recent past, or than there will be again in the near future. This demographic dip is the result of a temporary slowdown in birth rates in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and means there’s a smaller pool of UK students to choose from. And at the very moment when universities are looking to increase their intakes! To understand why this is likely to impact non-Russell Group institutions the most, it’s worth highlighting a couple of things from the report. First, many elite institutions have been quietly lowering their UCAS tariffs to ensure they don’t lose out on students by imposing too-stringent entry requirements. In a competitive market, it’s natural enough to assume that if a small number of elite universities go down this path, the majority of their peers will follow suit. Second, despite lowering their entry requirements, many of the UK’s very top universities have found themselves using Clearing for the first time as a way to shore up their numbers. Now, imagine you’re a university applicant looking to move to a city (Manchester, say, or Leeds) with both a Russell Group university and a large, well-known post-92 institution. If you were estimated CCC in your A Levels you might in the past have been drawn to the post-92 university; now, you’re more likely to be tempted to apply to the more prestigious Russell Group institution, with the little “edge” it might give you among certain employers. With this kind of calculation going on up and down the country, it’s easy to see how post-92 institutions have the most to lose in the present climate. A desperate future? Do you need to worry about the imminent demise of Higher Education as we know it in the U.K.? In a word, no. There’s no doubt that British universities face a period of unique and complex challenges. And some will be severely affected by the present environment, and the strains it places on student recruitment and retention, and on research. But it’s not all doom and gloom. Thanks to a model that encourages diverse revenue streams, UK universities have a better chance of weathering hardship than their counterparts in other countries. In North America, for example, a relatively small number of elite institutions contribute the vast majority of scholarly research. Faculty members at the remaining institutions receive limited funding and support for research and focus instead on teaching. By contrast, the vast majority of UK university staff are research-active. Even the lowest-ranking universities produce world-leading research and have access to potentially lucrative research funding and projects, though of course the EU presently supplies a significant chunk of this funding. There are real challenges facing the UK Higher Education sector as a whole, and especially those institutions that are less prolific in their research output, and those with traditionally lower tariffs. But the continued boom in international student recruitment is a positive sign. And most universities have access to a range of funding opportunities that should see them through the choppy waters ahead â€" albeit with a few bumps along the way. You may also like... Its high time universities move past BTEC snobbery Why is London attracting so many fresh graduates? Mental health: How proactive can universities be? higher educationstudent newsuniversity funding

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Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd” - 1723 Words

Assignment ON â€Å"Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd†. Submitted to: Chowdhury Sifat Kamal Course Instructor of Introduction to Business Department of Business Studies Prepared by: Fuad Mohammad Shah - UG01-22-09-007 Kawsar Ahmed - UG01-24-10-023 Md. Emdadul Hasan Santo - UG01-24-10-001 Bachelor of Business Administration Batch – 24, Section – A STATE UNIVERSITY OF BANGLADESH Date of Submission: 20th April , 2011 [pic] â€Å"Company Profile of Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Ltd.† [pic] Founder Late A.C.Abdur Rahim (1915-1982) Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Limited 01. Background Rahimafrooz Bangladesh Limited was established in 1950A.D. as†¦show more content†¦| |1997 |Attained ISO 9002 certification for RBL operations | |2000 |First India office opened in Ahmedabad | |2001 |Awarded â€Å"Bangladesh Enterprise of the Year† | |2001 |Attained ISO 14001:1996 for RBL operations | |2001 |Launched â€Å"Agora† – the first ever retail chain | |2002 |Launched Rahimafrooz Energy Service promoting distributed power | |2003 |Established Rahimafrooz CNG Ltd. | |2003 |Awarded â€Å"National Export Trophy† | |2004 |Metro net Bangladesh, a fiber optic based digital solution provider forShow MoreRelatedCustomers’ Attitudes Towards Retail Chain Store Services in Bangladesh – a Comparative Study Between Retail Chain Store and Small Retail Store6036 Words   |  25 Pages Customers’ attitudes towards retail chain store services in Bangladesh – A comparative study between retail chain store and small retail store Mohammad Zahedul Alam[1] S.M. Sohel Rana[2] Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze the customers’ attitudes towards retail chain store services in comparison with the small retail stores in Bangladesh. From the study, it has been found that most of the retail chain stores are selling the quality products with high quality services in the hassleRead MoreA Report on Otobi5847 Words   |  24 Pagesposition of Otobi to its financial success. ââ€" ª Analyze the marketing strategies of the company. ââ€" ª Analyze the effectiveness of the company’s promotional techniques. ââ€" ª Recommend some steps that can assist the company. ââ€" ª Apply the concepts learnt in the business communication course 1.2 Scope The group has chosen Otobi Limited as its choice of company. The furniture industry in Bangladesh can be divided into branded and unbranded furniture. The report is confined to modern, lightweight

Research Memorandum

Question: Describe about the Research Memorandum. Answer: Facts: Catriona Robertson charged with the drug transportation mainly of one of the dangerous drug of methylamphetamine and arrested for the same. Not only this, but she was accused of some other charges as well. The charges include; Dangerous drug trafficking which included mainly methylamphetamine in 200 grams or excess of the said quantity. The accused is a possession of property in question, primarily obtained from the dangerous drug trafficking. The accused kept the connections available that are useful for her purpose of trafficking. The accused even produced the drugs of heroin and methylamphetamine. Under such circumstances, the police surveillance used in the matter for over six months that covertly recorded many conversations of the accused and such details can use for evidence. The evidence coveted by the police includes the particulars of the conversation carried out and also various activities involving the processing of the business in the drug dealing. The police even found lot cash and other accessories related to the drug dealings. Now the main issue that comes here is, if the sentence goes against her, then she might have to spend a long time incarceration and her age is young[1]. At the same time, her crime record is not that gross to not grant bail. Her bail petition was also refused on 19th may, 2016 on the ground of her submission which is unyielding against her in providing the evidence for the matter. The main concern here is to challenge the decision and apply for a fresh bail appeal which is her right under the bails act 1980 (Qld). Issue: With the situation given here, what are the grounds that can deny the bail appeal concerning the circumstances arose against Catriona? What is the evidence that the accused Catriona must show in the court to grant an appeal for the revision of the judicial decision regarding the refusal of bail? Unlike from the above issue, if the accused applies for a fresh bail petition, then what are facts she must produce in the court to grant her bail. What is the best option to put forward after seeing the matters for whether Catriona can appeal or must go for a fresh bail petition? Discussion: At the Bails act[2], under the section of 16, the court holds the power to refuse the grant of bail, if certain conditions not fulfilled from the part of the accused. We will now look further to the act and the clauses under which the court holds the power to grant the bail. Sec 16 (a) explains that there might be a risk in the release of the accused on bail. The statement made under the sec 16 (a), also has two subclauses. Sec 16 (a) (i) claims that the accused may not appear to the court on the release of the bail and also fail to surrender before the forum if released on bail. Sec 16 (a) (ii) (A) explains and claims that the accused may further commit another offence if released on bail. Sec 16 (a) (ii) (B) explains that the life of the claimed victim might fall under the danger since that individual might be the defendant against the accused and also might risk other persons safety welfare. Sec 16 (a) (ii) (C) explains that if the accused s released on bail[3], then there might be interference on the part of the witness who prepared against the accused to come to court. The act of the accused may further obstruct the going process of the court with the justice and that may get delayed. Any other person related to the matter acting against the accused can also come in under the hindrance and the freedom to live ay get violated. Sec 16 (b) explains that sometimes the bail not granted on the ground that it is of the defendant's or the accuser's risk because if they are released on bail, then they fall into prey of violence. Sec 16 (1A) of the Act explains that the insufficient amount of the information against the defendant that is needed to decide the matter whether to grant the bail or not, then the court holds the power to restrict the bail on such grounds. Under the subclause of 1, it is defined that if there is less time regarding the decision of the matter to be carried out, then the court denies the bail upon special grounds. Clause 2 of the subsection 1(a) explains that the court or the police are to record all the incidents regarding the defendant before arresting and after kept in the custody. All the recorded incidents will take into account while the grant of bail to be approved from the part of the court. The records of the incidents include the following: Sec 16 (1A) (2) (a)- explains that the nature of the incident and how serious is it impact are prior in the record. Sec 16 (1A) (2) (b)- background of the accused or the defendant and also the environment and the personal character must be on the record. Sec 16 (1A) (2) (c)- the records and history of the previous appeals and grants of the bail and also any past record of offence with the ground for grant of bail. Sec 16 (1A) (2) (d) - the evidential strength of the defendant also all the evidence gathered against and for the respondent to be produced before the court when the bail petition prayed. Sec 16 (1A) (2) (e) (i)- explains that even the relationship f the defendant with the community will also put under while the appeal made for bail. (ii) Explains that the cultural considerations if any and also in (iii) any considerations and the services where the defendant participated and all the records that the court needs during the time of grant of bail. Sec 16 (3) of the Act explains that the court has the right to restrict the bail on the ground if the defendant found to be committing nay nuisance after the grant of the bail in the previous hearing. The description for subclause (b) explains, if the offence did concerning the section of 13[4] under the act, then the restriction over the grant of bail called by the court against the defendant. The subclause (c) explains that the bail will be restricted to the defendant if found to be using any dangerous weapon[5] against the victim or even threatened to have used one then upon such grounds the bail not granted. Subclause (d) specifies all the acts done by the defendant that goes against the act then the grant of the bail may be restricted. The meaning of the statement includes all the offences done against the section of 33(3) with the charges prescribe under sec 33(6). Subclause (e) explains that the action against the sec of 24 and 38 under the Criminal Organisation Act, 2009[6] a re non-bailable in nature. Subclause (f) says about the offences done with the charges against the sec of 359[7] with the aggrieved circumstances concerning the act of Criminal Code[8]. In all the circumstances the court or the police hold the right unless the defendant can prove that detention not justified from the part of the forum. Subsection (3A) of the section of 16 under the Bail's Act[9] explains that the bail petition can get rejected, if the defendant found to be a member of the criminal and has involved in such activities, then the court or the police hold the right to reject the bail petition. Applying the rules to the given matter of Catriona we can find that the accused here have enough grounds to challenge the decision of the judicial division. Eligibility for bail: While taking the reference from the section of 16(3) to grant the bail[10], we find that Catriona falls under the section where the decision can be challenged. The statement made on the basis that most of the jurisdictions in Australia[11] have the right to grant the bail and also make the presumption for the favour of granting bail. In the Australia itself, there are two jurisdictions[12] of the grant of bail. The presumption of the bail based on the combination of the both laws depends on upon the detention of the defendants detain the custody and also the measure of the offence done as stated under the bail act. If there are minor crimes, then the bail granted in one attempt but for some matters the grant becomes complicated. As discussed in the issue of kuczborski v the state of queensland[13], the grant of the bail is a mandatory in regards to the offence and it is to make clear prosecution and the outcome must be an active case for the rejection of the bail. In the petty sessions of the court, the grant of bail involves the combination of the right and the presumption as stated in the pg 74 of 3741 of the act. The major matters like the murders are only decided by the Supreme Court whether the grant of bail can be justified or not. The matter of Catriona for the appeal of bail decided at the Queensland Supreme Court[14] on the grounds held under sec 16(3). Under the section of 16(3), there is a clear mention that the bail cannot grant under the offence committed with or without the grant of bail. In this context, we must note the point, which the court did not allow Catriona to produce any pieces of evidence from the defence. Not only that even the charges made by the police did not arrive at the defence against Catriona. Hence, we see that the bail was refused on the ground of the assumption of the weight of the offences and no evidence was produced for or against her. Even there were no relevant charges that can be applied with the reference of sec 16 (3) of the act then also, the Judge Quant J brought some serious issue and assumption of the risks related if there was a grant of bail. The situations occurred in the matter of Catriona along with following the rules under the Bails Act, the remedy advisable to Catriona to revise the decision of the judicial division. Along with that Catriona must also produce the shreds of evidence that shows off her previous criminal record if any and then the grant of the bail can depend on upon such references produced by her. The counsel of Catriona must also highlight the fact with which the decision was passed while challenging the same. Also, the challenge must include that Catriona will not spread any danger to the normal society after the grant of bail and she will be present during the prosecution. The date is a long time gap from the date the bail issued so the court must allow the bail under the consideration fact, R v. Light[15]. Another matter of the Burton v. R[16] also explains about the bail in consideration. Conclusion: It is the prima facie right[17] of Catriona to attain a bail under the bail's act R v. Fisher[18]. Various courts adopted the decision regarding this case in deciding the grant of bail under the unusual circumstances and the presumed matters. The prima facie fact also includes the liberty of the accused to plead for grant of bail. Based on the decision of the various courts, the rejection of the bail from the part of Catriona seems to have been done under some ideal conditions. While going through the matter for her, it is always possible to apply for the revision of the bail decision passed by her honour. In the reference to the sec 16 (3), if the bail moved in that manner then there is scope for the revision as the claimed accuse seems to be missing from her matter so as not to grant the petition for bail. Hence, in the given situation, the best route is to go for the revision of the decision with the surrender of documents specially the passport. Bibliography: A, Robinson and Bartkowiak Thron, "Policing Youth Curfews" [2014] The'Wee Willie Winkie'model of enforcing bail conditions. An Application For Bail (2016) www.legalaid.nsw.gov.au Applying For Bail | Your Rights, Crime And The Law | Queensland Government (2016) Qld.gov.au Bail - Queensland Courts (2016) Courts.qld.gov.au Criminal Code Act 1899 (2016).053.pdf High Court Of Australia (2016). High Court Upholds Validity Of QueenslandS Criminal Organisation Act 2009 - Crown Law (2016) Crownlaw.qld.gov.aue Social Democacy.

Raisin in the Sun A Tale of Dreams Essay Example

Raisin in the Sun: A Tale of Dreams Essay The play Raisin in the Sun is a tale of a family that has different dreams, encouraged by the insurance check from their deceased fathers policy. The family is split on how to spend the money. However, Mama, in the end, gets her way to get the entire family to a bigger house that will give them a platform to stabilize their lives. In the play, the personalities of Walter, Lena (Mama) and Beneatha Younger conflict due to their different characteristics and outlook on life. Walter has dreams of schemes that he conjures with his friends hoping to strike it rich. Walter believes in a quick solution to the problems facing the family. Mama, on the other hand, is more reflective. She desires to fulfill the dream she shared with her deceased husband. A house would be for the family. Mama believes a bigger house will allow the family room to venture out and explore opportunities knowing they always have somewhere to go back to. Beneatha Younger, on the other hand, is privileged to have attain ed higher education in the family and sometimes is overbearing for perceiving herself as an intellectual; more than anyone else in the family. Walter, Beneatha, and Mama have their dreams deferred or altered in Raisin in the Sun, indicating the unpredictability of life and its need for determination and persistence. Walter Younger is determined to be the new head of the family. He is preoccupied with schemes that will guarantee the family financial success he is particularly fascinated by ideas that are high-income generators in the short term. Walter feels that wealth is his escape from a dead end job and feelings of hopelessness and desperation (Hansberry 12). However, his dream is altered when after being entrusted by his mother with the rest of the money, he loses it all to a prospective business partner. To Walter, the entire sum invested in a liquor store would return in a high return on investments. Walter does not agree with his mother on the priorities of the family. Every coin that was not spent on the liquor store investment was a waste according to Walter (Hansberry 18). Mama is open and honest in communication and her dealings. On the other hand, Walter is secretive and prone to making impulsive decisions. Walter makes his mother feel guilty for using the money to pursue her dream. He secretly uses the money to continue his dream. Walters dream is deferred when the prospective partner goes into hiding with the capital. We will write a custom essay sample on Raisin in the Sun: A Tale of Dreams specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Raisin in the Sun: A Tale of Dreams specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Raisin in the Sun: A Tale of Dreams specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mama is a reflective woman who dreams of getting a house for the entire family to settle in. Mamas dream was shared with her late husband. However, unlike her son Walter, she is not impulsive. She takes her time before making decisions. She took her time to find the seemingly perfect house. Her dream is under threat from the dreams of other family members except for Ruth (Walters wife) who supports her. Mama is a traditional woman typical of women her age in the times the story is set. She prefers getting the family a home away from the ghetto they live in. Her sons dreams conflict with hers. Firstly, she is against the sale of liquor from an ethical and health standpoint. Secondly, does not see the world as Walter does. She does not believe in the get rich quick scheme that Walter believes in.; Her dream comes true partially because the family moves into a good house although the residents of the neighborhood object to their presence and try to bribe them to get away.; Beneatha;s dream, on the other hand, is influenced by her personality. Beneatha is self-serving to a great extent, and this is where her dream differs from Mamas and Walterss. WEhile Walter and Mama are focused on actions that will benefit the entire family; Beneatha;s vision of the money is entirely directed towards serving herself. Beneatha wants the money to be used to fund her education so she can be a doctor, an achievement that will allow her to express herself (Hansberry 12). Beneatha;s values are self-oriented and have no visions of the family. She wants to be an independent woman who does not rely on a man for sustenance. Beneatha;s dream involves a career that is alongside a pursuit of identity and feminist connotations. Beneatha even tells Ruth and Mama that she might decide not to get married. The man in her life (George Murchison) is too ;shallow; for her. He does not have an awareness of cultural issues, especially race relations. Ruth and Mama are shocked because it is unlike the societal expectation of women at the time. Walter, Beneatha, and Mama have different dreams. Walter wants to get rich quickly and life the family from poverty. Mama wants the family to have a modest home in a safe neighborhood. Beneatha, on the other hand, wants to be a doctor and find her identity. Walter, Beneatha, and Mama have different priorities with the money and how it contributes to their dreams. While Walter and Mama desire to assist the entire family with the money, Beneatha is focused on using the money to advance her career. Walter and Mama, however, differ on what will assist the family most. Walter believes in investing in business, while Mama wants a home for everyone. Walter has his dream deferred, while Mama realizes her dream. Beneatha, on the other hand, has to wait to see the outcome of her dream. Works Cited Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun: A Drama in Three Acts. Random House, 1959.

Cause and effects essays

Cause and effects essays The debate on Neanderthal man's place in human evolution has continued unabated since the discovery of the first Neanderthal fossil in 1856. One camp believes Neanderthal man is a human ancestor and should be classified as a subspecies of modern man-Homo sapiens Neanderthals. The opposition argues that Neanderthal man is a distinct species, homo Neanderthals, entirely separate from modern humans. This paper seeks to prove that Neanderthal man is indeed related to modern humans by looking at key elements of Neanderthal physiology, behavior, and culture. Recent findings on the mitochondrial DNA taken from the right humerus of a Neanderthal skeleton failed to show significant similarities with the mitochondrial DNA of modern humans. According to the study, one sequence of Neanderthal DNA shows significant variances from the same sequence in moderns. From this, researchers concluded that Neanderthals diverged about 600,000 years ago to form homo Neanderthals, a genetic line separate from that of the modern homo sapiens. The study, however, was based solely on DNA from one Neanderthal individual because the genetic material is scarce and difficult to extract. One individuals DNA may be an inadequate indicator of the genetic variability within an entire species. (Shipman, 2002) Until more Neanderthal genetic material becomes available, fossil evidence remains the best source of study for on Neanderthal mans physiology and culture. Neanderthals shared key physical characteristics with modern humans. They both have the same skeletal structures. Their brains were roughly the same size in relation to their bodies. Based on their joint structures and cranial capacities, anthropologists believe that Neanderthals were capable of doing many activities that modern humans could do. (Trinkaus and Shipman, p. 412) Proponents of the homo neandertalis argue that Neanderthal bones were much t ...

Immigration in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Immigration in America - Research Paper Example This stark increase in immigration quantities poses a variety of problems in the United States, including economic issues, concerns associated with law enforcement, wages provided to native citizens, and even problems with drugs and criminal behavior. VOLUME OF IMMIGRANTS IN THE COUNTRY According to a 2006 report, there were over 10 million illegal immigrants living in the United States (Kane and Johnson 2). By March of 2011, this number was estimated to be at 11.1 million (Passel and Cohn 1). The volume of immigrants currently residing in the country is representative of approximately 3.1 percent of the total American population, including native citizens. PROBLEMS WITH MEDICAID PAYMENTS Having established volume of immigrants entering and currently living in the U.S., it is important to identify the plethora of problems associated with illegal entry into the country. One of the main problems is the burden placed on state-level and federal-level governance related to economics. An a dministrator of the National Policy Institute identifies that illegal immigrants put a significant burden on the Medicaid system, a government-funded health care program designed to ensure that native citizens living below the poverty level maintain access to affordable health care. In 2005, it was estimated that state budgets would be burdened with a 12.1 percent increase in total Medicaid costs, with an expectation that costs would double every six years. This has significant ramifications for state-level budgets, in today’s society, many of which are already fraught with large-scale budgetary problems. It is estimated that 21.8 percent of all immigrant households are receiving Medicaid assistance (Rubenstein 9). This is a substantial problem as many illegal immigrants have children while living within the borders of the United States, therefore automatically making their children legitimate U.S. citizens. This makes the child, and the household caregivers, eligible for Med icaid when their incomes fall below poverty level. Currently, the federal government is concerned about long-term sustainability of Medicaid reimbursements during a period of economic decline stemming from a variety of different factors including decreased taxation revenues and over-spending at the Federal level. CONCERNS OVER WAGES FOR NATIVE CITIZENS In the United States, there is a very large segment of the native population that maintains low-level job skills and do not have the benefits of holding a college degree to improve their standard of living that is dictated with higher wage provision. Because of this, they are forced to take low paying jobs in a variety of sectors, with a majority in the service sector. When illegal immigrants enter the United States, employers have significant incentives to hire these aliens since they can provide them with very low-paying jobs without having to provide legally-mandated supplementary benefits such as business-sponsored insurance. It b ecomes more advantageous for businesses to choose illegal immigrants over low-skilled native citizens since native workers are entitled to certain benefit packages. A whopping 20 percent of all workers in service, construction and manufacturing production are immigrants (Gans 2). The demographic that is most significantly impacted by increases in immigration is the low-skilled black worker in the United State

War & Medicine and Neuroscience & War (This is not a official title, Essay

War & Medicine and Neuroscience & War (This is not a official title, you can make one) - Essay Example First, it is apparent that the combat mortality rates of the American military have remained constant at 20% as at the Vietnam War. This is despite improvements in antibiotics, hospital facilities in theater, the advent of blood transfusions and preventative health methods such as improved nutrition. The one exception evident in the war has been the reduction in death in military combatants due to infectious illnesses and diseases. The reduction has been because of the introduction of the prophylactic use of antibiotics, improvement in sanitary conditions and hygiene (Wiesmann et al, 227). The high rate of development in weapons posses an equal challenge to come up with life-saving skills in the battlefield. Research, on the other hand, has proved that battlefield medical care of the future will evolve rapidly to obtain the capability to quickly diagnose the severity and nature of the battle injury. The American military has gone a step ahead in implementing a R&D investment in medicine. The R&D investment involves preventative vaccine development, infectious disease research, protective gear and the point-of-care devises. It is apparent that military medical requirements lead to the development of practical medical devices that support military missions. The advances end up being applied in the civilian healthcare in the cases of civilian trauma incidence. Military has been proven to be the first in the use of healthcare technology. Statistics has shown that 3 to 5 percent of the mainstream medicine is derived from warfare (Wiesmann et al, 230). Military has improved healthcare in various ways. One is from the American Revolution where the first command ordered immunization program for the inoculation of smallpox. Also, a three-tiered evacuation system was developed due to the increasing number of the wounded in the battlefield. First was an Aid station that was located next to the battlefield.

Theory of Conceptual Change

Theory of Conceptual Change Introduction What is conceptual change? Conceptual change is a process that changes or replaces an existing conception with a new conception. It could be an idea, a belief or a way of thinking [1]. The shift or restructuring of knowledge and beliefs are what distinguishes conceptual change learning from other types of learning. In conceptual change learning, an existing conception might be fundamentally changed, replaced or assimilate by the new knowledge. The change forms a conceptual framework that is useful to solve future problems and explain the knowledge [2]. The theory of conceptual change was developed by a group of science education researchers and philosophers in Cornell University in the early 80s [2]. The theory was based on both Piagets notion of disequilibration and accommodation and Thomas Kuhns description of scientific revolution [1]. Conceptual Change from the epistemological perspective The term epistemological belief is defined as philosophical nature of knowledge and the process of knowing [3]. The influence of epistemological beliefs in classroom instruction in different domain and the way student perceive or manage their knowledge, is an interesting point of research [4], [5], [6]. Epistemological beliefs research proves that the naivety of students beliefs regarding the nature of learning and knowledge are strongly resulted from their less-sophisticated learning strategies, their lower level of cognitive functioning and flexibility of their cognition process [7]. The best known conceptual change model in science education is based on students epistemologies which is derived and refined by Posner, Strike, Hewson and Gertzog in 1982 [2] and applied to classroom instruction. Posner et.al. [2] suggests that classical conceptual change is similar to the Kuhns [1] notion of a paradigm shift and Piagets notion of assimilation, accommodation and disequilibrium. Classical conceptual change shows that dissatisfaction or cognitive conflict of the students occur when their belief and conception in the existing conception framework fail to meet the new conception. Therefore, the students must find intelligent, plausible and fruitful concepts to explain new concepts that may replace or assimilate with the old conceptions. The duration of productive conception in the students is too difficult to detect. The learning models use of constructs such as conceptual ecology, assimilation and accommodation suggests a constructivist notion based on Piagets research. Wandersee, Mintzes and Novak reported in 1994 [8] that these methods are more effective than traditional methods. However, it is rather difficult to compare the effectiveness of conceptual change approaches and other approaches. Different approaches to the teaching and learning process have different aims; hence evaluation should be set to meet specific goals. The aim in conceptual change depends on the way the approaches are used in classroom practice and whether the potential to achieve goals. According to Posner et al. and Hewson [2], it is the student who determines conceptual status and conceptual changes that associates with the constructivist learning theory and the highly personal nature of conceptions, viewed as mental models. The ability to select intelligible, plausible and fruitful representations or conceptions for a specific context is a measure of expertise [9]. However, researchers need to be aware that apparent conceptual changes may in fact be context-driven choices. The use of conceptual profiles proposed by Mortimer [10] in learning settings help to differentiate conceptual changes from contextual choices. Finally, the relation between epistemological beliefs and conceptual change learning needs to be highlighted for further research. Conceptual Change from the ontological perspective Students knowledge is represented by some researchers as an ontology, that is, as a representation of what is apparent for them based on what they know. A model called phenomenological primitives (p-prim) by DiSessa [11] interprets how students think about particular situations. Some believe that p-prim are additional aspects important to conceptual change. It is necessary to find effective representations of such information to be successful in inducing conceptual change. Some researches focus on conceptual change processes in terms of mental models. The pre-existing knowledge of children about how the world works involves the spontaneous changes and instruction-based changes at the mental model level [12]. Similarly, [13] argues that even very young children develop their own theories and speculate about phenomena. They believe based on the instruction, observations and experience from their daily life due to their ontological and epistemological commitments with the lack of scientific theories. A childs perception is constrained by their naive framework of presuppositions [14]. Chi [15] argues that conceptual change requires an ontological shift. The conceptual change process is hard because the lack of appropriate strategy to assign concept to a different ontological category. Mindful students can assign the concept into the correct category by revising their ontological commitments, categories, and presuppositions. Posner et al.,[2] primarily use epistemology to elaborate on conceptual changes and also research on the way that students view reality. Other researchers use specific ontological terms to explain changes to the way students conceptualize science entities [16], [17], [14]. Carey [18] reasons that sound knowledge restructuring during childhood shows that some of the childrens concepts cannot be compared with adults. Vosniadou [14] called for similarly radical changes in restructuring and also explains that revisions to central framework theories involve ontological and epistemological changes. There are many other concepts in which the scientists process views are incomparable with students material conceptions. The desired changes to ontology are not often achieved in school science. Despite this pessimistic view, change of school students material is possible. However, scientific concepts are highly complicated and the view of optimizing school science is different with scientific v iew. Consistent with ontological position is the research of Chiu, Chou and Liu [19] who adopted Chis [15] ontological categories of scientific concepts to investigate how students perceive the concept of chemical equilibrium. Because science concepts are not presented by teachers or in textbooks with any ontological differentiation, the desired changes to student ontology are not usually achieved in school science. Chiu et al. [19] argues that Posners [2] theory does not accurately represent the nature of scientific concepts which makes learning the concept difficult. Duit Sinatra [9], [20] utilization of Chis [15] theory has constraint based features which includes randomness, simultaneous action, and uniform activities. These features prevent students from deeply understanding the nature of this concept. Students in the cognitive apprentice group were more able to develop the microscopic concepts compared to the non-cognitive apprentice group. They were able to comprehend that the added compounds are eliminated by the reaction that they themselves caused as well as the macroscopic phenomenon of equilibrium evidenced in the reaction. The research also showed that matter concepts were relatively easily understood in a scientific context but students had more difficulty understanding dynamic and random activities of particles in an equilibrium state. Conceptual change from the affective perspective There are limited attention involving interest and motivation in conceptual change of the affective domain. This needs to be developed in science teaching because they play an important role in supporting conceptual change on the level of scientific knowledge. The classical conceptual change approach involves the affective by implicitly pointing to student dissatisfaction with prior knowledge. To support these issues, Pintrich et al. [21] articulated that a hot conceptual change is as evident as cold cognition. He emphasized that students self-efficacy and control beliefs, the classroom social context along with his goals, intentions, purposes, expectations and needs are as important cognitive strategies in concept learning. Students theories, beliefs and models are influenced by personal, motivational, social, historical factors and situational beliefs. Their background knowledge is often the constraint of knowledge restructuring. Individual goals, purposes and intentions promote co nceptual change in students. Educators who disregard the social and motivational factors in learning and teaching activities will cause limitation in the students change in knowledge [ 20]. Emotions and motivation are crucial to the possibility of change [23]. Although such models can reengineer human conceptual change in some instances, they fail to recognize emotional attachment to an idea. Conceptual change from the intentional perspective Intentional learning [22], [23] as a purposeful goal-directed type of learning process is internally initiated instead of environmentally initiated. Therefore it is totally controlled in the conscience of the student. The intentional student knows and believes in internal initiation and goal oriented actions in the process of absorbing knowledge. Intentional learning interrelates to educational psychology with the constructs of higher level of learning and reasoning, self-regulation, engagement, and critical thinking. The students must be purposeful to monitor and regulate their learning in a metacognitive manner. The lack of intentional learning in conceptual change may result in students assimilating new knowledge into existing ones without conceptual change. Gale Sinatra [24] argues that students conception have evolved from being a passive receiver of information to an active constructor of knowledge. From then on, students progress from being an active constructor to an intentional student as well. Intentional learning is an achievement and not an automatic consequence of human intelligence that develops spontaneously with age. It is not even promoted in schools. Bereiter and Scardamalia [25] argue that students meet the short-term goals of school tasks with their own strategies instead of taking the effort to intentionally learn. Although the learning process can be intentional, students do not take initiative to learn. Thus, intentional learning is considered as a non-automatic characteristic but something that develops with age. Students metaconceptual awareness can be improved by allowing them to visualize and express their ideas and beliefs verbally in group discussions. Collaborative learning, class discussions, observations, experiments and design of model, symbolic representation are significant for the growth of metaconceptual awareness and intentional learning. As a conclusion, intentional, motivated students are in control of their learning process [25]. Conceptual change from the social cultural perspective The overall culture and social conceptions also influences the conceptual change process. Solomon [26] states that socio cultural factors are significant in the learning process in achieving certain tasks. Solomon goes on to debate that if a students idea no longer exists, it will gradually be excluded from common interaction that might affect conceptual change process in students. The main outcome is to reform the social culture and to achieve understanding. As a whole, social culture is a huge influence in fostering conceptual change in students. Hatano and Inagaki [27], who studied socio cultural environments that induced instructional change in schools, found out that social interaction and classroom group activities results in considerable progress in knowledge restructuring. However, more research is needed to investigate different methods in which conceptual change can be effectively applied by combining cognitive and socio cultural factors [27]. Conceptual change from the multidimensional perspective The learning and teaching development is in need of pluralistic frameworks [28] to appropriately include the many perspectives from different views of learning. In science and scientific education, conceptual change in the multidimensional perspective appear to be promising to improve understanding of science teaching and learning [9]. In a nutshell, conceptual changes must consider epistemological, ontological and affective perspective ought to sufficiently manipulate the complex teaching and learning processes [29]. Future researches will merge ideas of conceptual change and theories on the significance of affective factors. In contrast, Venville and Treagust [30] used four different perspectives which employs Posner, et al.s [2] conceptual change model, Vosniadous [14] framework theory and mental model perspective, Chi et al.s [16] ontological categories and Pintrich et al.s [31] motivation perspective, to research on various learning situations in which analogies were used. Venville and Treagust [30] state that each of them contributed to different theoretical perspectives and has different roles played in the classroom situations. The importance of conceptual change in science education In the conceptual change model, students use their existing knowledge, which is their conceptual ecology, to determine whether the different conditions are met. The new conception must be intelligible (the meaning is understood), plausible (the concept is true), and fruitful (the concept is useful). If the new conception fulfils all three conditions, conceptual change occurs and learning proceeds without difficulty [32]. It is safe to assume that students do not come into science instruction class without any prior knowledge of the subject. [9]. As a matter of fact, students already have rich and robust misconceptions, or naive conceptions that contrasted with the scientific world. Their misconception and the accompanying commonsense form the basis of the conceptual framework which the students rely on to interpret and make sense of new instructions. The student conceptions, despite being a stubborn source to influence by instruction, are also the foundation of scientific conceptions. In traditional teaching method, procedural competence is emphasized [33] more than conceptual understanding. Teaching methods are geared towards delivering facts that are passively absorbed by students in class. Students do not challenge their existing beliefs without the stimuli of new conception, but instead accept the knowledge as it is. Therefore, conceptual change in education, which encourages problem solving and open discussion is conducive in constructing an accurate and lasting conceptual framework in students which will be useful for future knowledge acquisition. Challenges in Conceptual Change Research Despite decades of research and discussion in the field of science and education, answers to questions such as what exactly misconceptions are, what constitutes conceptual change and why is it so difficult remained unclear. These questions are the challenges that most conceptual change researchers face in their work. In order to promote deeper understanding, all naive knowledge needs to be repaired. However, naive knowledge is very resistant to change. According to Chi [34], because conceptual change is defined as the process of removing misconception, the definition is an infinite loop unless what constitute a misconception is established. While some naive conceptions or misconceptions are very difficult to change, other preconceptions are easier to change. Some of the reasons why misconceptions are hard to repair is due to the fact that they involve difficult to understand principles and concepts. Aside from that [34], because misconceptions are embedded in naive theories, and naive theories are difficult to separate with correct theories, the conceptual shift across both category is a difficult process. Lacks of awareness among students in their learning process often result in the inability to realize that their understanding is flawed. Students may not be aware of their own misconception and is unaware of their incorrect understanding. Similarly, in the context of miscategorization of concept, students may not aware if systematic interpretations can be generated using their miscategorized concept. Role of Computer in conceptual change research In the advent of computer architecture, computers evolved into a versatile tool capable of performing many tasks otherwise impossible for human being. Computers are not only useful as a tool in presentation and production, but recent studies aimed at using computers as learning enhancement tool successfully developed computer as a cognitive tool to facilitate the teaching and learning process. Consequently, this give rise to studies and development of using modern computer technologies to foster conceptual development and conceptual change assistance tools in classrooms [35]. We would like to focus on two major roles of computer as cognitive tools in enhancing conceptual change education and discuss in detail in the later: Computer simulations Agent technology Intelligent System as Assessment Method These cognitive tools were designed to provide effective and intelligible tools to provoke reasoning and comprehension skills. Together with the aid of educators, these cognitive tools act as a catalyst to promote and enhance learning experience and students conceptual change. Theories and models of conceptual change According to Piaget [36], the students knowledge changing process is identified by assimilations and accommodations and incorporates with equilibrium to foster conceptual change. Assimilation is the recognition process of fitting an event into an existing conception [37]. Accommodation, on the other hand, enables new conception to replace the previous conception by changing fundamental belief about how the world works. For accommodation to occur, we believe that a student must be involved in a state of cognitive equilibrium by becoming motivated. When the students expectations are not met, equilibrium occurs. If the words, ideas and experiences presented can be assimilated by the student, then there is no equilibrium and subsequently no conceptual change. Conceptual change does not depend on contradiction, but on equilibrium. In Kuhns [1] opinion, scientific revolution is consistent and follows a pattern. The basic way of perceiving, thinking, valuing and doing things is considered as a â€Å"state of crisis† due to its failure to solve or explain significant problems [1] within the scientific community. This situation, which is termed as a dominant scientific paradigm, gave conception to an alternative paradigm with the potential to solve the initial problem. The two conditions, between solving and not solving the scientific problem, increased a third probability situation in between, which is what known as â€Å"paradigm shift†, giving the world a whole new framework of thinking. Starting with a group of science education researchers and philosophers in Cornell University in the early 80s [2] , contemporary research and development of conceptual change theory was based on both Piagets notion of disequilibration and accommodation and Thomas Kuhns description of scientific revolution [1]. In an attempt to clarify the concept of conceptual change, many researchers have proposed different opinions of the theory. Bereiter and Scardamalia [25] postulated the ideas of the intentional learner and Pintrich, Marx Boyle [31] emphasized that conceptual change is more than conceptual. The emphasis for change is within the learners control and the notion of intentional conceptual change is in certain aspect similar to that of mindfulness [38]. It is assumed that learners are in full awareness and the state of change in mind is voluntarily, with the aid of motivation, cognition and learning. Hewsons [39] approach towards conceptual change is in favour of the constructivists idea [40]. The constructivism philosophy is founded on the basis that we construct our own understanding of the surroundings by using our existing knowledge. Since the construction process is influenced by social experiences, individually constructed knowledge is usually not idiosyncratic nor personal and Hewson [39] believed that individually constructed knowledge is rational [41]. However, the existing knowledge and socially accepted beliefs act as a hindrance to the interpretation of new experiences and influences the perception of new knowledge in any situation. Therefore, depending on individual knowledge foundation and beliefs, and the influences of social interaction, two individuals exposed to the same events may perceive and interpret them in very different ways. According to Vosniadou [42], the process of conceptual change in learning is a constructivist approach with the assumption that knowledge is gained in domain specific and theory-like structures. Knowledge acquisition is characterized by theory changes [42] and is continuous and progressive. According to Chi and Roscoe [43], conceptual change is the process of repairing misconceptions. According to Hatano and Inagaki [44], naive conception is formed in order to make sense and predict unfamiliar entities of the surrounding. Usually, very young children formulate their own explanations and predictions of the world around them. The formed naive conception is continually repaired and replaced by new, plausible ideas. Chi and Roscoe [43] also viewed these misconceptions as incorrect categorization of concepts, and therefore conceptual change is the reassignment of concept to correctly categorize the concepts. According to diSessa [44] conceptual change is the reorganization of the various kinds of knowledge into a complication system in the learners mind. According to this view, conceptual change is the process of cognitive reorganization of fragmented naive knowledge. In contrast, Ivarsson, Schoultz and Saljo, [45] regards that naive conception does not serve any purpose in conceptual change, since conceptual change is the appropriation of intellectual tools. In this context, conceptual change is the result of change in the usage of these intellectual tools, and occurs at the societal level. Conceptual Change Models The earliest model of conceptual change, termed as the classical conceptual change model is postulated by Posner et al. [2]. The classical conceptual change model was modeled from the epistemological perspective, and according to this model, there are four conditions before conceptual change could occur. The conditions are: dissatisfaction with existing conception, intelligibility, plausibility and fruitfulness of the new concept. The four conditions will be explored in detail in the next few paragraphs. In order for conceptual change to occur, there must be dissatisfaction with existing conceptions. Scientists and students will only make major changes in their concepts if they believe that less radical changes does not work. Thus, before an accommodation occur, that particular individual must have in mind unsolved puzzles or anomalies, and is dissatisfied with the ability of his current concept capacity to solve these problems. The new concept must be intelligible. This means, the new experience encountered by the student must be sufficient in order for a new concept to be structured from it. It is worth noting that researchers often emphasize on the importance of analogies and metaphors in aiding initial meaning and intelligibility to the new concepts [46], [47]. The new concept must also sound plausible in order to be acceptable. The new concept must at least seem to be able to solve problems generated by the prior concept; otherwise the new concept will not seem like a plausible choice. In fact, plausibility is resulted by the consistency of the concepts with other new knowledge. For example, a new idea in astronomy may less likely be accepted if it is inconsistent with the current knowledge of the subject matter. Prior to the 20th century, physical scientist were reluctant to accept the geologists claim for the age of the world, since theory regarding the sum to provide energy for the period of time was not founded yet. Lastly, the possibility of a new concept to provide further fruitful research program is also important. A new concept should have the potential to provide extensive and new areas for inquiry. Researchers and students alike, estimates the fruitfulness of an alternative conception by evaluating whether the concept opens to something interesting, worthwhile to explore. However, classical conceptual change was criticized for its overly rational approach. Vosniadous [48] framework theory approach attempts to meet the criticisms against the conceptual change theory. In framework theory approach, misconceptions are not considered as unitary nor faulty conception. The knowledge system consists of various different elements in a complex organization. [48] Taking into consideration the evolutionary factors as well as learners interaction with their physical and social environment and their availability of cultural tools, the formation of the learners initial theory is distinctive from the misconceptions produced after systematic instructions. The constructivist approach of framework theory approach assumes that new conception is built on existing knowledge structures [48]. The constructivist perspective provides a comprehensive framework for meaningful and detailed prediction of the process of knowledge acquisition. Lets look at conceptual change from the point of view of the educators. It is the responsibility of the educators to teach students in the way that students conception difference could be facilitated. In fact, latest education related studies tried to include the students conceptions in the process of learning, in which a concept called â€Å"conceptual change teaching† is formed [32]. In this concept, several stages of conceptual teaching are identified. These stages includes; firstly, the diagnostic or elicitation stage, where the educators uses diagnostic techniques to find out the students existing conceptual ideas and the reasoning behind the idea; secondly, the status change stage, in which educators uses designated methods to aid students lower the level of the existing incorrect knowledge and increase the level of the correct ideas; and lastly, the evidence of the outcome, whether the outcome of the learning process is partly based on the consideration of the prior exi sting knowledge. During the different stages aforementioned, there are different contributing factors, or variable that affects the teaching of conceptual change. These variables include metacognition, classroom climate, role of teacher and the role of learner. Metacognition refers awareness of thought processes, and is related to cognitive functions such as perception and attention [49]. Educators should encourage students to look at the ideas in a third persons perspective, stepping back to evaluate both the new and old ideas, and express their opinions. Classroom climate refers to the atmosphere where the learning process is conducted, and the relationship between the educators and the students. There must be a mutual respect of ideas in order to foster a positive climate for learning. As a teacher, or educator, the role of teacher is to ensure that the students are provided ample opportunities for self expression without being judged. An educators role is to deliver knowledge and the educator themselves must be aware that the knowledge that transpires in the lessons ought to be shared and discussed, rather than dispelling ideas that are different from their own. As a student, or learner, the role of learner is to be responsible of their own learning, to take interest in ideas different from their own and to synthesis new ideas from different sources, rather than expecting to memorize knowledge delivered by the educator. These variables to facilitate teaching have been successfully implemented in different levels of education and subjects [50], [51]. Lets look at the alternative conception. In the alternative conception survey, there are many misconceptions that affect conceptual change, but the variables are inferential and hard to distinguish, especially for perceptions that are reported by subjects themselves [52]. Three of the most general evidences stemmed from experience and perceptions, a wide variety of cultural values and ideas, and language factors. According to Hawkins and Pea [53], young childrens scientific knowledge structure is constructed on a â€Å"domain by domain† basis† before they receive formal education. Therefore, children are active constructors of their own knowledge framework. By interacting with the physical world and cultural environment, young children actively ask questions and give reasons about things in their point of view to gain â€Å"more predictive control† over their surroundings. The child learns about expectation of his own actions by the action of others, as well as the reaction of the physical world, and construct non-scientific framework of their encounters, which form the basis of their interpretation of natural and social events. Growing up children in all societies discover a many phenomena that facilitates learning, but not all discoveries are automatically interpreted, explicated and causally related in their mind. Prior to formal education or instruction, the childrens understanding is sufficient in interpreting and guiding them in their daily life [54] but this pre-conception of idea may drastically hinder formal scientific learning in classroom. The origin of conception is also heavily influence by the culture where the students grow up in. The social scene is highly critical in influencing the perception of a particular task in the learning environment [55]. Radical viewpoint differences from the accepted notions within the social scene will not survive for long as they will generally be excluded from social intercourse. Many young children do not have the ability to withstand the pressure, and the desire to be accepted will cause many ideas to be abandoned. Therefore, the strong influences of the overall culture on students perception and understanding cannot be ignored by the educators. Quoting the example of Lopez [56], the Itzaj (a people native to the Americas) and the North American college students are observed in the folkbiological taxonomies. It is observed that the Itzaj subjects have a unique way of categorizing bats. While the American group categorized bats with insectivores and rodents (scientifically correct to a certain degree), the Itzaj left them ungrouped and in a general category, or they classified the bats as birds. While formal interview revealed that the Itzaj agree that the bats is more like shrews and small rodents, they refuse to classify bat as mammals because they â€Å"knew† bats are birds. The influences of their culture caused the Itzaj subjects to ignore the relationship of bats to mammals. On the other hand, scientific understanding influences in the culture of the American college students, however, enable the North American college students to have misconceptions such as the Itzaj. The language, being the medium on interaction, is an influential variable in conception. Word meanings and usage may differ from individuals, and the correct term used by educators might be different from what the students perceive in their naive knowledge. Especially in scientific learning, concepts and definitions ma

Charles Schwab :: Business Essays

Charles Schwab Since opening in 1974 Charles Schwab became a well known name in households. The firm’s main goal was to differentiate and honor their customers with available research. In 1997 Charles Schwab exceeded in altering his marketing environment to improve the business as well as customer satisfaction, value and retention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By offering the online trading option Schwab was able to lure customers in with an exceptional value proposition as well as a value – delivered system unknown to investors. By placing the decision making and the convenience of trading in the customer’s hands, Schwab made this service exciting and cost effective to customers, thus making many investors satisfied Schwab customers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwab also created customer value. Analyzing the firm’s success I noticed that Schwab delivers outstanding quality in service. Schwab provides customers service online as well as in his branches. This service includes technical support as well as investment tips and investment education information for all existing clients as well as future clients.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwab also established a Value- Delivered Networks with many companies which offer customer discounts and promotions. They offer promotions and discounts such as reduced traveling trips, good mortgage rates, and free airlines tickets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwab attracts its customers by advertising on a level of encouragement. In the beginning Charles Schwab advertisements consisted of real Schwab customers and employees. Later on, Schwab enlisted a celebrity spokesperson to advertise the simplicity and knowledge of online investing and investing principles. These advertisements attracted the average Joe and the average family. Schwab employed financial advisers in their branches who are able to educate, provide trading tips, and advice, along with other services, to customers. Aside from attracting its customers by providing top quality, simple, and reliable online trading service, Schwab retains its customers by keeping them satisfied.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my opinion Charles Schwab effectively anticipated the needs of the market. He jumped on the internet craze of this decade and effectively succeeded. By offering Online Trading Charles Schwab attracted new customers, provided

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A Voyage Long and Strange Apush Book Report - 755 Words

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